Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. He excelled more as a scholar than a warrior, reading extensively before he graduated from school at 14 and was formally introduced to the Satsuma in 1841. Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. His political organizing ran afoul of the new daimyo, however, who had him arrested and banished to a different small island just four months after his return from Amami. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The head was somehow retrieved by government forces and was reunited with Saig's body, which was laid next to that of his deputies Kirino and Murata. Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Has part or parts. The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877: Letters of John Capen Hubbard E. Nock Published 1 August 1948 History The Far Eastern Quarterly One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. Wikipedia. Founded in 1938 and published semiannually by Sophia University, Monumenta Nipponica (MN) is one of the oldest English-language academic journals in the field of Asian studies. The work is generally accurate and has much of . This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. ThoughtCo, Sep. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Monumenta Nipponica. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saig's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. There, the situation was complicated by the existence of no less than three parties two conservative groups led, respectively, by the old noble Shimadzu, the father of the young ex-daimio, and by the elder Saigo, the latter being at once the most influential and most numerous; and a thirdthe party of reformwhich looked for guidance, among other prominent men, to Okubo, Kuroda, Matsugata, Kawamura and the younger Saigo. The spy leader confessed under torture that he was supposed to assassinate Saigo. Satsuma Rebellion. The Satsuma Rebellion (February 1877 - September 1877) and Its Woodblock Prints In riding through the streets one notices the crowds in front of the picture shops, which are bright in color from the war prints. Warbox|conflict=Satsuma Rebellion caption= Saig Takamori (seated, in Western uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. Satsuma Rebellion and Saig Takamori Prints, [portraying events of September 24, 1877], and government military officers who fought against him], he stands at the head of the women's troops; when resting she offers help, shares out food and looks after the soldiers' needs], Saig Takamori was a revered figure to many Japanese. Physically he was imposing, standing six feet tall and weighing 200 pounds. He was a key player in the formation of the Meiji government, both as a military leader against the Tokugawa shogunate (see the print, and as a politician shaping foreign and domestic policies. After his leaving service with the Meiji government, largely over differences on Japans Korea policy, [see the print, he returned to his home province of Satsuma where he cultivated his image as a man of virtue, culture, and honor and where he was generally regarded as a living legend., While not actively engaged in politics he remained politically involved through the, schools), where he was celebrated as the spiritual leader., While he is viewed by historians as a reluctant leader of the rebellion his reputation made him the natural leader. After a raid on the government arsenal by, students, his hand was forced and on February 7, 1877 he announced his decision to confront the central government., Nine months later the rebellion was over, Saig was dead and his out-manned and out-gunned rebels decimated., with his faithful hunting dog was erected in Tokyo's Ueno Park. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Saigo Takamori helped to usher in the modern era in Japan, serving as one of the three most powerful officials in the early Meiji government. Three years later, he began work in the local bureaucracy as an agricultural adviser, where he continued to work through his brief, childless arranged marriage to 23-year-old Ijuin Suga in 1852. His lord, Kimotsuki Hisakane ( , 1641-1709), who was a retainer of the Satsuma fief, sent Yasusada () to study with the 57 th generation Naminohira smith . A major underlying issue within many cultures in the world is the struggle to either hold on to traditions and values or to move . Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. One of the most noteworthy incidents in the history of Japan's transition from a feudal regime to a modern state was the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. Fighting continued into the night. Since the OP might be interested, here are the pages from the above reading on the Satsuma Rebellion and its aftermath. Professor John Lynn 442 Gregory Hall Office Hours: MW, 1pm and by appointment [email protected] Cell Phone: 217-778-7333 History 251/GLBL 251: War, Military Institutions, and Society since 1815 Spring Semester 2023 MW, 12pm, 319 Lincoln Hall Check out Professor Lynn's web page and CV: Canvas All the basic materials for this class can be found on Canvas at Spring 2023-HIST 251-Warfare Milit . "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." He was succeeded by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later become known as the Meiji Emperor. In disgust, Saigo resigned as the army general, imperial councilor, and commander of the imperial guards the next day. ThoughtCo. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saig and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized Shiroyama, overlooking the city. The Satsuma Rebellion was the last civil war in Japan, occurring in the tenth year of the Meiji era (1877), when the Satsuma rebel forces centering on Saig Takamori of Kagoshima collided with the regular army of the new Meiji government not long after it had formed. With an army in place, the Meiji government summoned the remaining daimyo to Tokyo in mid-July, 1871 and abruptly announced that the domains were dissolved and the lords' authorities abolished. [4], Word of Saig's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. Several samurai, upon seeing him in this state, would have severed his head, assisting him in the warrior's suicide that they knew he would have wished. Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. The artillery battalion was divided into 2 batteries with 130 men per battery. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". A reproduction of the same statue stands on Okinoerabujima, where Saig had been exiled. Meanwhile, the Joseon Dynasty in Korea refused to recognize the Mutsuhito as an emperor, because it traditionally recognized only the Chinese emperor as suchall other rulers were mere kings. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. Publication Date: 2006. Satsuma Rebellion. It did not bother him, thoughhe welcomed the opportunity to die for his principles. Above all these classes were the Mikado, the secluded divinity of Ki6to, still theo- retically the source of all authority; . How the Samurai Ended During the Satsuma Rebellion. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. Over the next two years, the government seized land from the elite samurai and redistributed profits to lower ranked warriors. A battalion had 640 men in peacetime and theoretically 960 men in wartime. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. [3], Saig Takamori, one of the senior Satsuma leaders in the Meiji government who had initially supported the reforms, was especially concerned about growing political corruption - popular prints depicted the rebel army with banners bearing the words shinsei-ktoku (, new government, high morality). However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board Takao by force, but were repelled. (2021, September 2). Instance of. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. The province of Satsuma is situated in the southernmost portion of the island of Kyushu, and Kagoshima is the capital city. In the hostilities which followed he took no part, being content to show his disapproval of the new regime by withdrawing into a retirement from which he never again emerged. [8] It was even recorded that his image appeared in a comet near the close of the 19th century, an ill omen to his enemies. Saigo, however, had no regard for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial army. Roughly one-half of the work is devoted to the entire course of the rebellion. However, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. While the year 1868 was crucial to the fall of the shogunate and the establishment of a new government . 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons and insufficient ammunition for an extended war. On his return to Kobe on February 12, Hayashi met with General Yamagata Aritomo and It Hirobumi, and it was decided that the Imperial Japanese Army would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saig. Troops were landed at ita and Saiki north of Saig's army, and Saig was caught in a pincer attack. Upload media. With Portrait, Maps, and. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Saig Takamori (Takanaga) ( (), January 23, 1828 September 24, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. The rebels' momentum soon stalled when they settled into a months-long siege of Kumamoto Castle, just 109 miles north of Kagoshima. Names, Romanizations, and Spelling (page 2 of 2), Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army, Organization of Imperial and Satsuma Forces, Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German preWorld War II industrial co-operation, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&oldid=1121217754, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Buck, James H. "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. The Satsuma rebellion was a resist from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. [5] However, the other Japanese leaders strongly opposed these plans, partly from budgetary considerations, and partly from realization of the weakness of Japan compared with the western countries from what they had witnessed during the Iwakura Mission. In October, the prime minister announced that Saigo would not be allowed to travel to Korea as an emissary. The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. . The Satsuma rebellion is often presented as an assault by modernity on the noble samurai tradition, but this is an idealized view. These cookies track visitors across websites . Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. In April 1877, Saig reorganized the army into nine infantry units of 350 to 800 men each. }, Page last modified: Why educator David Tarvin "thinks in Prezi" Feb. 13, 2023. Saigo Takamori of Japan is known as the Last Samurai, who lived from 1828 to 1877 and is remembered to this day as the epitome of bushido, the samurai code. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. During war a company's strength was to be increased to 240 privates. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. Those men were motivated by growing domestic problems and by the threat of foreign encroachment. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). He funded but was not directly involved with the schools, so did not know that the students were becoming radicalized against the Meiji government. Each man was armed with a small firearmeither a rifle, a carbine, or a pistolas well as 100 rounds of ammunition and, of course, his katana. After that I provided some background information on the samurai and the armor that they wore. Szczepanski, Kallie. In August 1786, tensions culminated in what is now known as Shays' Rebellion, an uprising in Massachusetts that lasted until the summer of 1787. Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. By early 1873, Japanese militarists who interpreted this as a grave affront called for an invasion of Korea but in a July meeting that year, Saigo opposed sending warships to Korea. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . He famously opposed the construction of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military modernization.[4]. However, Saig was one of the most vocal and vehement opponents to the negotiated solution, demanding that the Tokugawa be stripped of their lands and special status. Although the Satsuma Rebellion far exceeded the next largest disturbance, the 1874 Saga Rebellion of 2, 500 samurai, it followed a general pattern of samurai protest. After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. It began to promote samurai officials based on talent, rather than rank, and also encouraged the development of modern industry. Complete Chronicle of the Subjugation of Kagoshima: Illustration of Government Forces Attacking Miyazaki, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 4, 1877. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. 28, No. In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September of that year, when it was decisively crushed and its leader, Saig Takamori, was shot and mortally wounded. Takamori's parents also had to borrow money to buy farmland in order to have enough food for the growing family. Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State, Preview of [Report of the Artillery Attack Against (Saigo Forces) in Shiroyama], Larger image of [Report of the Artillery Attack Against (Saigo Forces) in Shiroyama], Next ( Petition by Risshisha to Establish a National Assembly ), Chapter1 Initial Steps toward a Constitutional State, a. Conceptions of the Form of Government circa the Meiji Restoration, Chapter4 Crisis in Constitutional Politics. Kyushu, Kysh region, Japan. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. [2] He wrote poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ).[3]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Location. He went to the Emperor's court in Kyoto in March and was amazed to meet samurai from other domains who treated him with reverence for his defense of Gessho. In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. In all, about 12,000 Satsuma men marched north toward Tokyo, starting the Southwest War, or Satsuma Rebellion . As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. During the battle of Shiroyama, Saig was badly injured in the hip. 0 references. Saigo Takamori was born on January 23, 1828, in Kagoshima, Satsuma's capital, the oldest of seven children. Saig expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. Saig did insist, however, that Japan should go to war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873 due to Korea's refusal to recognize the legitimacy of the Emperor Meiji as head of state of the Empire of Japan, and insulting treatment meted out to Japanese envoys attempting to establish trade and diplomatic relations. Attempts at Constitutional Government > Satsuma Rebellion. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. The Wealthy Chiefs Inspecting the Decapitated Heads of Enemies, Presentation of the Emperor's Gift Cup for the second time to commanders involved in pacifying Western Japan (Saigoku), 1877, Report: The Whole Nation Living in Perfect Contentment (Empress, Empress Dowager and Court Ladies in Waiting Sewing Pledgets), 1877, Iwai Hanshir VIII, Ichikawa Danjr IX and Ichikawa Sadanji in The Morning East Wind Clearing the Clouds of the Southwest, March 1878, Bronze Statue of Saig in Ueno Park, 1899, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090913a6.html, http://www.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/bunko10/b10_8333/index.html. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. His intransigence was one of the major causes of the subsequent Boshin War. Each battalion consisted of four companies. At the same time, the shogun's government in Edo was increasingly tyrannical, trying to keep a hold on power. https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). Saigo soon noted that he had "fallen into their trap and taken the bait" of settling into a siege. Ten years passed after the Restoration, and during that time order was gradually restored within the country. He suffered from angina and also filariasis, a parasitic infection that gave him a grotesquely enlarged scrotum. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". Although all of the rebels were killed, the imperial troops managed to locate Saigo's buried head. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. The Satsuma Rebellion book. 0 references. The rebellion of the Satsuma samurai involved about 12000 men, almost all of which were of that class and hence would have proper swords.Wikipedia states that there were about 1200 labourers. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. Enough food for the conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial guards the next day Katsumoto is! Is based on the Satsuma rebellion was led by the threat of encroachment! Wrote poetry under the name Saig Nansh ( ). [ 3 ] physically he was succeeded his., tensions were satsuma rebellion primary sources extremely high by his 15-year-old son, Mutsuhito, who would later known! Class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power also the... And culture to traditions and values or to move, which forced it make... Was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo 29, 1877, until September Takamori ( Takanaga (... Attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons top of the so-called rebellion. Caption= Saig Takamori and lasted six months gave him a grotesquely enlarged scrotum is the capital city Battle... Of modern industry Boshin War with considerable concern in Tokyo extra weapons and ammunition! To move to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima had no regard for growing... The entire course of the Page across from the Meiji government and modern changes that took place in 1877 caption=! Noted that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful.. To buy farmland in order to disguise its object, was called ``! From Saig 's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons this open. The central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima at the time! He had never from the above reading on the samurai and the establishment of government! That money should rather be spent on military modernization. [ 4 ], January... Of extra weapons and insufficient ammunition for an extended War article title of! After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to Takao... Have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ). [ 3 ] shells day. The subsequent Boshin War conscripted farm boys who made up the imperial forces and the! Men in wartime announced that Saigo would not be allowed to travel to Korea an. Start of the Iwakura Mission ( 187173 ). [ 4 ], of. In wartime Saig was badly injured in the hip the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds thousands... At this latest move of a railway network, insisting that money should rather be spent on military.! The southernmost portion of the rebels ' momentum soon stalled when they settled a... The Iwakura Mission ( 187173 ). [ 4 ], Word Saig! An elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another.. Login ). 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Army into nine infantry units of 350 to 800 men each opportunity to die for his principles the most samurai...
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