Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. There appears also to have been a rather extensive trade with the island of Madagascar. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. This includes some of the biggest animals in the sea: whale sharks, giant manta rays, humpback whales, dolphins, tiger sharks, and all the colors and wonder of tropical fish and coral reefs. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. The Periplus describes in some detail the shore of what was to become northern Somalia. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. At Lake Malawi, they finally met the recently created British Protectorate of Nyasaland (nowadays Malawi), which surrounded the homonymous lake on three sides, leaving the Portuguese the control of lake's eastern coast. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. Wildlife crime networks are using more sophisticated weapons and techniques to obtain ivory, such as automatic rifles and helicopters. WWF works with farmers to develop climate smart solutions that conserve natural resources and protect wildlife habitats, while improving local food security and incomes. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. This, combined with the poleward-flowing Agulhas Current, serves to characterise the coastal ocean in . Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. The east coast of Africa experiences seasonally alternating 'trade' winds which have enabled sailing dhows to travel up and down the coast, fostering the movement of people and goods between the countries of Arabia, the Western Indian Ocean and East Africa for many centuries. [30][31] The recognition of Homo sapiens idaltu and Omo Kibish as anatomically modern humans would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name Homo sapiens sapiens. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. There is some archaeological evidence that during the Qin and Han dynasties Chinese shipping technology was already quite advanced (the central rudder was invented around this time). The Big Five of the Ocean: Exploring the Waters of East Africa. Atlantic Ocean, body of salt water covering approximately one-fifth of Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. [37][38][39], In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260 CT scans, of a virtual skull shape of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/H. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. Sharm el-Sheikh has become . Go next. Scientific consensus states the region of East Africa is where anatomically modern humans first evolved circa 200,000 years ago before migrating northwards and eastwards out of Africa. In 1895, from bases in Somalia and Eritrea, the Italians launched the First ItaloEthiopian War against the Orthodox Empire of Ethiopia. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. The Dragonfly Sea (2019) by Kenyan author Yvonne Owuor follows the story of a protagonist named Ayaana on the island of Pate. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. By 1896, the war had become a total disaster for the Italians and Ethiopia was able to retain its independence. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. Omani Arab colonization of the Kenyan and Tanzanian coasts brought the once independent city-states under closer foreign scrutiny and domination than was experienced during the Portuguese period. 2002. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . Such trade goods as they obtained from the interior were apparently bought by barter at the coast. It is believed that almost 90% of the entire wildlife of Madagascar is found nowhere else on planet Earth. And four species of commercially important tunabigeye, albacore, yellowfin and skipjackare found here. "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. Make a symbolic African elephant adoption to help save some of the world's most endangered animals from extinction and support WWF's conservation efforts. 2425. This benefits local people who rely on the forest for their livelihoods and frees up resources for the governments to improve local education and health infrastructure. Weather extremes also severely threaten the regions traditional livelihoods of farming and fishing. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. Ibo Island, one of 27 small islands in the Quirimbas Archipelago. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. Location: Africa The Indian Ocean has cast up a wealth of literature that merges fact and fiction, the most familiar to us being The Seven Voyages of Sindbad as passed down in the The Arabian Nights. The first identifiable building sites are dated from this time, and, according to Arab geographers, the East African coast was then generally thought of as being divided into four: (1) Berber (Amazigh) lands, which ran down the Somalian coast to the Shabeelle River, (2) Zanj proper, (3) the land of Sofala in present-day Mozambique, whence gold was beginning to be shipped by about the 10th century, and (4) a vaguely described land of Waq waq, beyond. Language distributions suggest that this most likely occurred from Sudan into the African Great Lakes region, since the Nilotic languages spoken by these pre-Bantu farmers have their closest relatives in the middle Nile basin. Meanwhile, in 1884, a narrow coastal strip of Somaliland came under British control (British Somaliland). The wildlife of East Africa is quite extraordinary, and a cruise can be easily combined with a Kenyan or Tanzanian safari. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. . Out here in the deep blue waters, the fin indeed belongs to a blue shark, swimming just below the surface. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). WWF has also helped community fishing councils gain authority to combat illegal fishing in the reserve. One area of work focuses on tuna, as we seek to help fisheries achieve certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Its a beautiful part of the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life. Portuguese trading stations in East Africa and the Slave trade. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. 1. The Dragonfly Sea, by Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Lionel Casson. With 1.4 billion people as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human population.Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the . Ancient Africa's east coast was home to trading cities, a region that subsists primarily on international import and export. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. It spans 11,430 square miles (Mozambiques portion is 2,470 square miles), is the eighth largest fresh water lake in the world and second deepest in Africa. Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. WWF and partners have helped fishermen create a sustainable oyster harvesting system, resulting in increased profits and yield. WWF works with communities to identify vulnerabilities to climate change, and help them develop strategies to adapt and increase their resilience. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. Popular Destinations Tanzania Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Oxford: University Press. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. Discounts at Africas best lodges and on our hand-made packages subscribers only, STORIES & DISCUSSIONS Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. As the island is ring-fenced by one of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world, scuba diving here is a magical experience. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. Lake Niassa is an important source of freshwater, home to over 1000 fish species and critical to the livelihoods of the people of Mozambique. East African Islands Type: territory Description: Islands in the Indian Ocean off the eastern coast of Africa. Today they are still used across the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as fruits, water, or spices. Casson, Lionel (1989). During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. Visit Africa's Gold Coast on the Atlantic Ocean, including Ghana and Senegal, and make a stop at the tropical Cape Verde islands. Copy. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. The Agulhas Current flows from northeast to southwest, almost hugging the east coast of South Africa, and transports warm water from the Indian down into the Southern Ocean. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. Donations are tax-deductible as allowed by law. 11. Dhows were used in the nineteenth century to carry slaves from the East African coast to various islands in the Zanzibar archipelago. Rainfall in East Africa is characterised by two main rainfall seasons, the long rains from MarchMay and the short rains from October- December. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. [71], There are movies that have depicted East Africa in various forms. XXXIV 1999, pp. The only island that is mentioned is Qanbalu, which appears to have been what is now Tanzanias Pemba Island. Some fishing practices are causing unacceptable amounts of bycatchthreatening shark, marine turtles and seabird populations. Like their predecessors, the Omani Arabs were primarily able only to control the coastal areas, not the interior. Best Answer. I saw this compass jellyfish at the safety stop at five metres after completion of the dive. No settlements from this period have been found. With imports and exports on the rise in and out of these ports, it's only a matter of time before larger and deeper berths are necessary to accommodate the changes and remain competitive. With these territories secured, Britain was able to serve as gatekeeper of the sea lane leading to British India. They are solitary and derive their name from the beautiful colour and spots. ~ Peet J. van Eeden, ? Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). This has led to major pollution and overfishing. Over a period of many centuries, most hunting-foraging peoples were displaced and absorbed by incoming Bantu communities, as well as by later Nilotic communities. The kingdom of kush was an empire situated in the Nile Valley from 1070 bc to 550 AD,The kingdom would ultimatly Prevailing climatic conditions and the regions' geomorphology allowed the establishment of flourishing European style settlements like Nairobi, Vila Pery, Vila Junqueiro, Porto Amlia, Loureno Marques and Entebbe.[68]. Whales, dolphins, dugongs and whale sharks inhabit these Indian Ocean waters. Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. A gasflame nudibranch in False Bay, Cape Peninsula, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 Entrant), ? Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. The equator runs through Africa, from Gabon in the west to Somalia in the east, and nearly splits the continent into two equal parts. This, coupled with similar climatic and ecological conditions in most of the surrounding coastal lands, has . Annual rainfall here ranges from over 1,600mm (63in) on the western slopes to around 1,250mm (49in) at Addis Ababa and 550mm (22in) at Asmara. Photo Galleries, Photographer of the Year, TRAVEL & CONSERVATION COMPANY Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous state in the United Republic of Tanzania. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. The Afar are found in both Eritrea and Djibouti. The school of fish represents the ozone, and the reef below is Earth. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. For example, men from local villages are now employed as game scouts, patrolling for poachers over hundreds of miles, often on foot. Carefully selected conservation projects one-stop, seamless, transparent donations APP subscribers only. Chami, F. A. The rare and protected tiger rockcod at Rocktail Bay, iSimangaliso Marine Park, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2018 entrant), The tiger rock cod is a rare saltwater fish species. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. During the period of the Scramble for Africa, almost every country in the larger region to varying degrees became part of a European colonial empire. The red stood for the English, blue stood for the French, and the beige stood for Germany during the period of colonialism. It flows south along the east coast of Africafrom 27S to 40S. [24] Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25C (77F) and minima of 15C (59F) at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,921ft). Madagascar is by far the biggest, and a continent on its own when it comes to wildlife. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? The East Coast of South Africa is vast. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. This in turn challenged the older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the spice trade routes which utilized the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and camel caravans to reach the eastern Mediterranean.[66]. Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. [72] In the video games Halo 2 and Halo 3, East Africa is one of the central locations for the campaigns.[73]. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. All of the states produced pottery. Roland Oliver, et al. They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. Along the coasts, you can find dugongs, whale sharks, dolphins, whales, and five species of marine turtles. On the east coast of Africaat the western edge of the Indian Oceanlies a narrow strip of land that has hosted travelers for thousands of years. With $1.9 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility, an African Nature-Based Tourism Collaborative Platform is being developed to connect funders to communities and small and medium enterprises involved in nature-based tourism in eastern and southern Africaand who are most affected by the loss of revenue due to Covid-19. These resources must be managed sustainably to ensure their future. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. Some of the island's historical buildings could be seen from the ocean, especially the House of . Africa's east coast is blessed with a plethora of stunning islands, each one washed by the warm waters of the azure Indian Ocean. A blue shark just below the surface about 40km off Cape Point, South Africa Geo Cloete (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), Sail southwest from Cape Point and eventually you will be surrounded by the blue horizon in all directions. The scene was of a huge congregation which consisted of a densely stacked (but spread out) base. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. Overfishingfor local consumption and export to commercial marketsposes a major threat to the region. The Periplus Maris Erythraei. WWF, in partnership with CARE, has worked to train local rangers to patrol nesting sites along these islands and marine turtle poaching has decreased significantly. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Nations of the largest unbroken barrier reefs in the world this blue desert with its hidden abundance of life the... Control over much of the entire wildlife of East Africa copper from nearby mines rule... Was the finest harbour on the Indian Ocean to carry merchandise such as,! 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